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Elizabeth HEWES

Female Abt 1603 - 1686  (83 years)


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   Date  Event(s)
1603 
  • 24 Mar 1603: Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns – under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625)
  • 25 Jul 1603: Coronation – James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain
1604 
  • 1 Nov 1604: Shakespeare: "Othello" first presented
1605 
  • 5 Nov 1605: Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes, etc)
1606 
  • 1606: The London Company chartered to colonise Virginia: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery leave England on 19th De c taking 144 days to reach America
  • 1606: Episcopacy established in Scotland (against wishes of the Scots)
  • 31 Jan 1606: Guy Fawkes and co-conspirators executed
  • 12 Mar 1606: Adoption of Union Flag as the flag of "Great Britain" (the term Union Jack is used officially only when the Union Flag is flown from the Jack Mast of a Royal Naval vessel)
1607 
  • 14 May 1607: Jamestown, Virginia settled – to become the first permanent British colony in North America
1608 
  • 1608: First use of telescope by Galileo – he observed the moons of Jupiter two years later in Jan 1610
1610 
  • 1610: James VI & I established the Episcopal Church in Scotland – Prebyterians persecuted and many of their records lost
1611 
  • 1611: Authorised (King James) Version of Bible in Britain
  • 22 May 1611: James VI & I created the title of baronet
1613 
  • 1613: A copper farthing was produced, as a silver coin would be too small
  • 29 Jun 1613: The Globe Theatre in London burns during a performance of Henry the Eighth (finally pulled down in 1644)
10 1616 
  • 23 Apr 1616: Tuesday Apr 23 (Julian calendar): Death of Shakespeare
11 1618 
  • 1618: Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I
12 1619 
  • 4 Dec 1619: (Nov 24 old style): Colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by many to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas)
13 1620 
  • 1620: Manufacture of coke (the fuel, not the drink!) patented by Dud Dudley
  • 21 Dec 1620: (Dec 16 old style): The Mayflower reaches America – founds Plymouth, New England (had initially set sail from Southampton on Aug 5)
14 1621 
  • 1621: Chimneys to be made of brick and to be four and a half feet above the roof
15 1622 
  • 1622: First English newspaper appeared - "Weekly News"
16 1624 
  • 1624: Monopoly Act in England: patents protected
  • 1624: Edmund Gunter introduces the surveyor's chain (measurement of length)
17 1625 
  • 1625: The size of bricks standardised in England around this time
  • 27 Mar 1625: Death of King James VI & I
18 1628 
  • 1 Mar 1628: Writs issued by Charles I that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date
19 1629 
  • 10 Mar 1629: Parliament dissolved by King Charles I – did not meet for another 11 yea
20 1633 
  • Jun 1633: Galileo summoned by Inquisition for publishing in favour of Copernican theory
21 1635 
  • 1635: Letter Office of England & Scotland started
  • 1635: Flintlock small arms invented around this time (replaces matchlock)
22 1636 
  • 1636: Hackney Carriages in use by now in London
23 1638 
  • 1638: King Charles regarded protests against the prayerbook as treason – forced Scots to choose between their church and the King – a "Covenant", swearing to resist these changes to the death, was signed in Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh and was accepted by hundreds of thousands of Scots (revival of Presbyterian Church)
24 1639 
  • 1639: Act of Toleration in England established religious toleration
25 1640 
  • 3 Nov 1640: Charles I forced to recall Parliament (the 'Long Parliament') due to Scottish invasion
26 1641 
  • 1641: Charles I's policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England
  • 1641: Charles I and the English Parliament acknowledge the Prebyterian Church in Scotland
  • 23 Oct 1641: 50,000 Irish killed in an uprising in Ulster
27 1642 
  • 1642: The Civil War interrupted the keeping of parish registers
  • 1642: English theatres closed by Puritans (till 1660)
  • 22 Aug 1642: Charles I raises his standard at Nottingham – First Civil War in England (to 1649)
  • 13 Nov 1642: Battle of Turnham Green – Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London
  • 24 Nov 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania)
  • 18 Dec 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman first European to set foot in New Zealand
28 1643 
  • 13 Dec 1643: Battle of Alton – victory for Parliamentarians – Sir Richard Bolle killed in St Lawrence's church
29 1644 
  • 29 Jun 1644: Battle of Cropredy Bridge – Royalists beat the Parliamentarian forces
  • 2 Jul 1644: Battle of Marston Moor, near York – Parliamentarian forces beat the Royalists
30 1645 
  • 1645: Battle of Philiphaugh in Scotland
  • 1645: Scotland: Each county and burgh ordered to raise and maintain a number of foot soldiers, according to population, to serve as militia – population of Scotland estimated at 420,000
  • 1645: Plague made its last appearance in Scotland
  • 14 Jun 1645: Battle of Naseby: Parliament's New Model Army crushes the Royalist forces
31 1646 
  • 5 May 1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scottish Army at Newark
  • 20 Jun 1646: Royalists sign articles of surrender at Oxford
32 1648 
  • 1648: Society of Friends (Quakers) founded by George Fox
  • 1648: First practical thermometers made
33 1649 
  • 1649: Cromwell's Irish campaign starts
  • 1649: King Charles II proclaimed King of Scots and England in Scotland
  • 6 Jan 1649: 'Rump' Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial
  • 30 Jan 1649: King Charles I executed
  • 19 May 1649: Commonwealth declared
  • 20 Dec 1649: Theatres banned by Cromwell
  • 20 Dec 1649: Christmas banned by Cromwell
34 1650 
  • 1650: Coffee brought to England about this time
35 1651 
  • 1651: The second English Civil War (1651-1652)
  • 1651: Scottish prisoners transported to the British settlements in America
  • 3 Sep 1651: Battle of Worcester
36 1653 
  • 1653: Commonwealth registers start
  • 1653: Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land
  • 1653: Provincial probate courts abolished – probates granted only in London
  • 20 Apr 1653: Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament
  • 16 Dec 1653: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
37 1657 
  • 1657: Post Office established by Act of Parliament [others say 1660]
  • 1657: A few Jews permitted to settle in England
38 1658 
  • 1658: Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) Lord Protector (-1660)
  • 3 Sep 1658: Death of Oliver Cromwell
39 1659 
  • 1659: Start of national meteorological Temperature records in the UK
  • 6 Feb 1659: Date of first known bank cheque to be drawn
40 1660 
  • 1660: Commonwealth registers ended, Parish Registers resumed
  • 1660: Provincial Probate Courts re-established
  • 1660: Clarendon code restricts Puritans' religious freedom
  • 1660: Composition of light discovered by Newton
  • 1660: Honourable East India Company founded by British
  • 1 Jan 1660: Samuel Pepys starts his diary
  • 29 May 1660: Restoration of British monarchy (Charles II) – 'Oak Apple Day' – theatres reopened
  • 17 Oct 1660: Ten Regicides are executed at Charing Cross or Tyburn
  • 28 Nov 1660: Twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society
  • 8 Dec 1660: First actress plays in London (Margaret Hughes as Desdemona)
41 1661 
  • 1661: Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland
  • 1661: Board of Trade founded in London
  • 1661: Hand-struck postage stamps first used
  • 1661: Corporation Act prevents non-Anglicans from holding municipal office
  • 30 Jan 1661: Oliver Cromwell formally 'executed', having been dead for over two years!
42 1662 
  • 1662: 'Hearth Tax' introduced – until 1689 (1690 in Scotland)
  • 1662: Poor Relief Act or "Act of Settlement" – gave JPs the power to return any wandering poor to the parish of origin (repealed 1834)
  • 1662: Tea introduced to Britain
  • 24 Aug 1662: Act of Uniformity – Acceptance of Book of Common Prayer required – About 2,000 vicars and rectors driven from their parishes as nonconformists (Presbyterians and Independents) – Persecution of all non-conformists – Presbyterianism dis-established – Episcopalian Church of England restored
43 1664 
  • 29 May 1664: Oak Apple Day – the birthday of Charles II and the day when he entered London at the Restoration; commanded by Act of Parliament in 1664 to be observed as a day of thanksgiving. A special service (expunged in 1859) was inserted in the Book of Common Prayer and people wore sprigs of oak with gilded oak-apples on that day.
  • 27 Aug 1664: Nieuw Amsterdam becomes New York as 300 English soldiers under Col. Mathias Nicolls take the town from the Dutch under orders from Charles II. The town is renamed after the King's brother James, Duke of York
44 1665 
  • 1665: Great Plague of London (July-October) kills over 60,000
  • 1665: Five-mile Act restricts non-conformist ministers in Britain
  • 7 Nov 1665: The "London Gazette" first published – one of the official journals of record of the United Kingdom government, and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United Kingdom
45 1666 
  • 1666: Use of semaphore signalling pioneered by Lord Worcester
  • 1666: Newton formulated Laws of Gravity
  • 2 Sep 1666: Great Fire of London, after a drought beginning 27 June (2-6 Sep)
46 1668 
  • 1668: British East India Company obtains control of Bombay
  • 1668: Newton constructs reflecting telescope
47 1669 
  • 31 May 1669: Last entry in Pepys's diary
48 1670 
  • 26 May 1670: King Charles II and King Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover
49 1671 
  • 9 May 1671: Thomas Blood caught stealing the Crown Jewels
50 1672 
  • 1672: High Court of Justiciary established in Scotland
  • 1672: War with Holland (to 1674) – British Army increased to 10,000 men
51 1673 
  • 1673: First Test Act deprives British Catholics and Non-conformists of Public Office
52 1674 
  • 10 Nov 1674: Treaty of Westminster – Netherlands cedes New Netherlands (on the eastern coast of North America) to Britain
53 1675 
  • 1675: Beginning of Whig party under Shaftsbury
  • 1675: Rebuilding of St Paul's started by Wren (completed 1710)
  • 4 Mar 1675: John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England
  • 10 Aug 1675: Building of Royal Greenwich Observatory started
54 1676 
  • 1676: Compton Census, named after its initiator Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was intended to discover the number of Anglican conformists, Roman Catholic recusants and Protestant dissenters in England and Wales from enquiries made in individual parishes
55 1677 
  • 1677: Lee's "Collection of Names of Merchants in London" published
56 1678 
  • 1678: Extension of Test Act to peers
57 1679 
  • 1679: Tories first so named
  • 27 May 1679: Habeas Corpus Act becomes law in England – (later repealed from time to time)
58 1680 
  • 1680: William Dockwra(y) begins his London Penny Post
  • 1680: Dodo becomes extinct in Mauritius through over-hunting
59 1681 
  • 1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament
  • 1681: Oil lighting first used in London streets
60 1682 
  • 1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn
  • 1682: Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh – later National Library of Scotland
  • 1682: Halley observes the comet which bears his name
61 1683 
  • 1683: Wild boar become extinct in Britain
  • 6 Jun 1683: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford – first museum in Britain
62 1685 
  • 1685: James the Second (1685-1689, died 1701) – Monmouth rebellion and battle of Sedgemoor – British Army raised to 20,000 men
  • 1685: Earl of Argyll's Invasion of Scotland
  • 1685: Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes – 320 executed, 800 transported
63 1686 
  • 1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs